Sunday, November 8, 2009
Nuclear Bomb
There are two main types of bombs which release energy from the nuclei of atoms.
The simplest kind is an atomic bomb. Like a nuclear power plant, it releases great quantities of energy through a process called nuclear fission, or 'splitting', of a large unstable (radioactive) element like uranium or plutonium.
A more complicated type is the hydrogen bomb, or thermonuclear bomb, which releases an even greater quantity of energy through nuclear fusion, a process which has not yet been put to peaceful uses.
The purpose of this page is to explain how each type of device works, from a physics perspective.
The devices described here are the original designs, perhaps 50 years old, but the physical processes that cause the energy release remain the same in today's bombs and power plants.
The Atomic Bomb
The energy source is a mass of radioactive material such as uranium or plutonium. This material is very unstable; every atom's nucleus is ready to fall apart ('decay') at the slightest nudge, releasing unneeded energy and extra neutrons. In the diagram, the plutonium (B) is given that nudge by the outer casing of TNT (A), which explodes all around it.
Here's what happens; the process is called 'Nuclear Fission':
The plutonium is unstable, or radioactive. Its atoms are constantly 'falling apart', breaking up into smaller elements that are more stable. Every time one nucleus does this, it releases the extra energy it no longer needs to hold it together, as well as a few left-over neutrons. This energy, and the escaping neutrons, is what we describe as the radiation being emitted from the radioactive plutonium. This energy and flow of escaping neutrons can damage human cells, so radioactivity is dangerous.
Enough atoms in the chunk of plutonium are breaking down at any one time to make the chunk of plutonium warm up, but not enough to be considered an explosion.
What happens in the bomb, however, changes that! The force of the TNT explosion causes the plutonium to be squashed, or compressed in size, and become very dense. This is called its 'critical mass'; the plutonium is now so densely packed together that the neutrons escaping from the decaying nuclei of plutonium cannot escape from the plutonium without bumping into another plutonium atom!
When they hit another atom, they cause that nucleus to break down too, whether it was ready to or not. That second nucleus releases more energy, and more neutrons, which in turn go on to hit and break up further nuclei. The decaying nuclei cause more decaying nuclei, and so on, in a rapidly escalating chain reaction ... and all because the plutonium has been squeezed into such a dense state (by the TNT) that the escaping neutrons that normally would fly out of the material now can't, without hitting other nuclei!
Within a very tiny fraction of a second, all the nuclei in the chunk of plutonium have been hit by escaping neutrons, and have broken down. The extra energy in trillions of atomic nuclei is all released at once! This energy is considerable; the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII was an example of this process.
Here are the details of the fusion process:
You might also like to visit our page that explains Click Here
source Internet
Saturday, November 7, 2009
Freedom Ship(WORLD BIGGEST SHIP)
Freedom Ship International, Inc. (FSI ) plans to offer the opportunity for an unprecedented lifestyle by constructing a sea-based, mobile, full-spectrum residential, commercial, and resort community on a mammoth, mobile, sea platform. The community will travel the entire globe over a two-year cycle, never leaving international waters. It will spend only 30% of its time in transit and the other 70% standing offshore points of interest. A fleet of aircraft and watercraft will ferry people from ship-to-shore, around-the-clock, residents for touring and business, and as many as 30,000 onshore guests and visitors daily.
Approximately 18,000 resident-owned living units, covering a broad price range, and 3000 private-enterprise commercial units, including 1000 residential/commercial combination units, will offer buyers a wide variety of living options. They will enjoy over 200 acres of open-air space, most of which will be landscaped parks, with half for resident use only. The community will levy no taxes of any kind. Property owners will pay a single competitive monthly maintenance fee.
"Nearly a mile long, 750' in width and 25 stories
high, Freedom will be the largest vessel to ever
sail the seven seas" - Popular Mechanics
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The community will offer all the amenities of a modern city, including a large-scale, state-of-the-art hospital, a kindergarten-through-college school system, and an international library. It will also feature resort amenities such as casinos, conferences centers, and an array of athletic and recreational facilities, restaurants, and entertainment sites. Retailing and world trade will predominate the commercial sector, creating the world’s largest duty-free mall, but there will be light manufacturing and assembly operations as well. A small number of major enterprises such as hotels, casinos, and banks, will operate under license from FSI. In addition, hundreds of residents will run personal-service businesses in areas such as health care, media, education, fitness, touring, counseling, consulting, and arts and crafts instruction.
The World’s Biggest Ship—The World’s Newest Tax Haven?
Analysis by Mark Nestmann
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Nearly a mile long and 25 stories high, the world’s largest ship—Freedom— will soon be taking shape.
Freedom will eventually be home to 50,000 residents, 4,000 businesses and 15,000 employees. Many residents will own their personal condominium, ranging in price from $185,000 for a 750-sq. ft. unit to $6 million for a 5,100-sq.ft.oceanside penthouse.3Time-share rentals will also be available.
Equipped with state-of-the-art communications technology and a 4,000-foot jet runway, Freedom may become a floating tax haven for many of its residents. Freedom will impose only a monthly fee for services depending on the size of the unit purchased. It will impose nor enforce any other taxes or fees.
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Designer Norm Nixon envisions the Freedom to continuously circle the globe in a route to keep its residents in perpetual sunshine. Anticipated ports of call include stops on every continent. Many duty-free shops will operate to attract local tourists. Other residents will operate businesses at sea. Nixon believes that the size and affluence of the resident population will be sufficient to support its own local economy.
As a sea-going vessel, Freedom will fly the flag of a specific country (to be determined) and be subject to the laws and regulations of that country as well as international maritime law. So Freedom won’t become be a "sovereign" tax haven. However, a number of residents plan to offer offshore services.
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Freedom is only the largest floating tax haven planned. Another (much smaller) ship, The World, also has cabins for sale. Construction of The World begins this month in Germany.4
Floating tax havens are only one option residents of high-tax countries will have in coming years to reduce their tax burden. New offshore financial centers will develop as well, as jurisdictions from Montana5 to former Soviet republics set up shop.
Most countries do not consider persons working abroad "non-resident" for tax purposes unless they can show residence in a foreign country. Persons working on Freedom, unfortunately, are not likely to qualify. Nor are US persons (who are taxed on worldwide income wherever they live) who wish to claim the annual $72,000 "foreign earned income exclusion."6According to tax attorney Lawrence D.W. Graves, US oil-riggers, pilots and others that lack a "foreign tax home," "have met with absolute failure in claiming the exclusion for foreign-based employment.
are you see Freedom Ship Click Here
source Internet
Che Film
Promotional film poster
Directed by Steven Soderbergh
Produced by Laura Bickford
Benicio del Toro
Written by Peter Buchman
Benjamin A. van der Veen
Starring Benicio del Toro
Franka Potente
Catalina Sandino Moreno
Music by Alberto Iglesias
Cinematography Peter Andrews
Editing by Pablo Zumárraga
Distributed by IFC Films
Release date(s) May 21, 2008 (Cannes Film Festival)
December 12, 2008 (limited)
Running time 268 minutes (Cannes Film Festival)
235 minutes (Toronto International Film Festival)
Country Spain
France
Language Spanish
English
Budget US$58,000,000
Gross revenue $30,118,557
Che is a two-part 2008 biopic about Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara directed by Steven Soderbergh and starring Benicio del
source Internet
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